By Dr. Hichem Karoui

Synopsis:

This book provides an in-depth exploration of Hamas, the Palestinian Islamic Resistance Organization, tracing its history from its inception in 1987 to the present day. Formed in the context of the First Intifada, Hamas emerged as an important force in the Palestinian resistance against the Israeli occupation, rooted in the ideology of political Islam and the pursuit of national liberation. While Israel and many Western countries have designated Hamas as a terrorist organization, a different view prevails among more than a billion Muslims around the world, who view Hamas as a legitimate national liberation group. This interpretation is supported by international law, notably the United Nations, which recognizes the right of oppressed peoples to resist occupation, including through armed struggle.

This book examines Hamas not simply as an armed organization, but as a sociopolitical movement rooted in the Palestinian struggle for self-determination. The author analyzes its evolution from a popular Islamist movement to a major political force governing the Gaza Strip, in relation to both its military and political strategies and the role it plays in the Palestinian national arena.

An important aspect of this study is the tension between the global classification of Hamas as a “terrorist” organization, as they claim, and the perception of its legitimacy within the Muslim world. The book explores how the international system, dominated by the United States and its allies, shapes the narrative regarding Hamas, often marginalizing broader issues related to occupation, resistance, and international law. The author scrutinizes the US’ unconditional support for Israel, despite the condemnation of its actions by international bodies such as the International Criminal Court, as an example of how international law is often selectively applied.

The author argues that the real “terrorist” entity for the Palestinian people is the Israeli occupation itself. Drawing on parallels with historical national liberation movements such as the Algerian National Liberation Front, the Constitutional Party in Tunisia (before independence), and the Independence Party in Morocco, the study places Hamas in a broader historical and political context. These movements were also labeled “terrorists” by the colonial authorities, while they are the heroes of the battle for independence.

The core issue around which the conflict revolves is the occupation of Palestinian land. As long as the Israeli occupation continues, resistance will continue in some form, and peace will remain elusive. The book asserts that Hamas, like other liberation organizations throughout history, is driven by the basic human desire for freedom and self-determination. Until Palestinians are able to liberate their land, the resistance will continue.

Introduction to Hamas: Origins and Ideology

Genesis and Historical Setting

The latter portion of the 20th century in the Middle East was marked by significant upheaval, which played a crucial role in the rise of Hamas. Amidst regional conflicts, socio-economic disparities, and the fervent pursuit of national liberation, Hamas emerged as a direct response to the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and the inadequacies perceived within existing Palestinian political frameworks. Hamas’s foundational tenets and aspirations were deeply embedded in the quest for Palestinian autonomy, prioritizing resistance against occupation and the establishment of an Islamic state.

Central to the ideological development of Hamas were influential spiritual leaders whose guidance and religious teachings were instrumental in galvanizing the movement’s base. Through their charismatic leadership, these figures instilled a deep sense of purpose and unwavering commitment among their followers, fostering a cohesive identity grounded in the principles of faith, resistance, and martyrdom.

Ideological Charter and Evolution

The charter of Hamas, a seminal document, delineated the organization’s ideological stance and political objectives. This charter amalgamated religious fervor with nationalist aspirations, envisioning an Islamic Palestinian society and advocating for armed struggle as a means to reclaim the usurped territories from Israeli control. This interweaving of religious zeal and nationalistic fervor formed the bedrock of Hamas’s ideology and served as a unifying call for its supporters.

Hamas’s organizational evolution transitioned from its initial role as a social welfare entity to a comprehensive movement encompassing political, military, and social welfare branches. This diversification enhanced its influence, allowing it to provide essential services to Palestinians, thereby broadening its appeal and solidifying its support base.

Economic and social dynamics further propelled Hamas’s ascension. By addressing the needs of marginalized communities and offering a sense of empowerment, the organization garnered significant public support. The movement’s steadfast opposition to Israeli occupation resonated profoundly within Palestinian society, particularly during its nascent stages.

Regional and Global Dynamics

The regional and international landscape also significantly impacted Hamas’s recognition and development. The movement became the target of the broader geopolitical machinations in the Middle East, with regional tensions, power struggles, and international interventions shaping its perception and standing on the global stage.

Prominent figures within Hamas, including its founders and key leaders, played pivotal roles in the movement’s establishment and consolidation. Their unwavering dedication and strategic acumen were crucial in cementing Hamas as a formidable entity in Palestinian politics and resistance.

Public Perception and Organizational Ethos

The initial public perception of Hamas varied widely across different segments of society, influenced by factors such as personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, and ideological perspectives. Media portrayals, regional events, and geopolitical alignments further shaped public opinion, contributing to a complex and multifaceted reception of Hamas both within Palestinian and international contexts.

Foundational Doctrines and Aspirations

The bedrock of Hamas’s mission is deeply rooted in its foundational doctrines and aspirations, serving as the nucleus of its ideology and operations. Central to Hamas’s ethos is a robust commitment to Palestinian nationalism, with aspirations to liberate Palestinian territories from Israeli control and establish an independent state.

The movement’s core principles are intricately linked to its broader objectives, encompassing political, social, and religious dimensions. These include the preservation of Palestinian identity, the unequivocal rejection of Israeli occupation, and the promotion of Islamic values within society. Additionally, Hamas is dedicated to restoring Palestinian rights, including the right of refugees to return and the right to self-determination.

Socio-Economic and Governance Goals

Beyond its nationalistic goals, Hamas endeavors to address the socio-economic needs of Palestinians, particularly those in impoverished and marginalized communities. By providing critical social services such as education, healthcare, and welfare assistance, Hamas has cultivated substantial support and allegiance among the populace. This holistic approach has enabled the movement to establish a significant presence within Palestinian society, extending far beyond mere resistance activities.

Furthermore, Hamas commits to combating corruption and injustice, pledging to uphold justice and equity within its governance structures and society at large. The movement’s objectives also encompass a spiritual dimension, emphasizing Islam as a guiding force in both personal conduct and public affairs. Hamas aims to foster a society deeply rooted in Islamic principles, advocating for moral and ethical standards.

Comprehensive Vision

The comprehensive vision of Hamas, as enshrined in its founding principles and objectives, reflects an intricate interplay of nationalism, social welfare, religious ideals, and the relentless pursuit of justice. This vision has profoundly shaped the movement’s strategies and actions, underpinning its sustained influence within both Palestinian society and the broader geopolitical context.

Spiritual Leadership and Influence within Hamas

Throughout its history, Hamas has been profoundly shaped by its spiritual leadership, which plays a pivotal role in forming its ideological foundation and directing its guiding principles. This spiritual stewardship is deeply entrenched in Islamic doctrine, drawing from both historical exegeses of Islam and contemporary religious scholarship. This influence permeates the organization’s ambitions, tactical approaches, and decision-making processes, alongside its interactions with both advocates and adversaries.

Religious authority within Hamas holds substantial sway, where religious erudition and expertise are integral to the movement’s identity and cohesion. The spiritual leadership framework within Hamas comprises a nexus of religious scholars, clerics, and educators who provide theological interpretation and moral guidance to its adherents and supporters. These figures often command significant influence over the rank-and-file members, shaping their comprehension of religious responsibilities and the integration of faith within the context of resistance and emancipation. This spiritual mentorship instills a profound sense of religious duty and dedication among Hamas members, fortifying their resolve amidst adversities and maintaining their morale through challenges.

Furthermore, the spiritual guidance extends beyond mere theological edicts, permeating various dimensions of Hamas‘ operations and governance. It informs the organization’s approach to social welfare, justice, and conflict mitigation, emphasizing the significance of compassionate outreach and moral accountability. This spiritual framework underpins Hamas’s engagements with the Palestinian populace, fostering a shared sense of unity and solidarity grounded in common principles and sacred values.

In addition to serving as a source of insight, the spiritual leadership also legitimizes Hamas‘ political and military endeavors within a broader religious context. By interweaving religious narratives with the struggle for self-determination and resistance against subjugation, spiritual leaders reinforce the moral justification for Hamas‘ actions, thereby gaining support among followers and sympathizers who perceive the movement as an embodiment of righteous resistance and divine sanction.

The complex relationship between spiritual leadership and influence underscores the significant impact of religious dynamics on Hamas‘ organizational ethos and the broader Palestinian milieu. Thus, exploring these dimensions is crucial for comprehending Hamas’ motivations, strategies, and resilience as a socio-political force grounded in religious convictions and aspirations for justice.

Charter of Hamas: Analyzing the Doctrine

The Charter of Hamas is a foundational document that delineates the movement’s core tenets, objectives, and strategies. Its importance lies not only in providing a framework for understanding Hamas’s ideological underpinnings but also in shaping its operational practices and political stances. An analysis of the Charter reveals a multifarious approach that intertwines religious doctrines with nationalist ambitions, solidifying Hamas as a unique entity within the Palestinian political spectrum.

The document envisions the liberation of Palestine from Israeli occupation and the establishment of an Islamic state, framing this struggle as both a religious obligation and a national cause. It underscores the centrality of Islam in defining the identity of the Palestinian people and their historical connection to the land, invoking a narrative that resonates profoundly at the grassroots level within the larger Muslim world.

Moreover, the Charter articulates Hamas‘ repudiation of the legitimacy of the State of Israel and its commitment to armed resistance as a means of regaining Palestinian territories. Through an exhaustive enumeration of historical grievances and injustices suffered by Palestinians, the Charter endeavors to justify the use of force and resistance as necessary measures in the quest for liberation. This unyielding stance has often been a contentious issue in international discourse, leading to polarizing debates on Hamas‘ tactics and the ethical implications of its methods.

The Charter also highlights Hamas‘ social and humanitarian agenda, underscoring the organization’s efforts to attend to Palestinian welfare through comprehensive social welfare programs and community development initiatives. This aspect of the Charter illuminates Hamas’s multifaceted nature, shedding light on its role as a provider of essential services and a stabilizer of socio-economic conditions amidst protracted conflict and adversity.

A critical examination of the Charter of Hamas provides a nuanced understanding of the movement’s ideological framework and elucidates the complexities inherent in its political and military actions. By delving into the intricacies of its doctrine, scholars and policymakers can gain valuable insights into the motivations and aspirations driving Hamas as a pivotal actor in the Palestinian pursuit of self-determination.

Ideological Foundations: Religion and Nationalism

Hamas’s ideological roots are deeply entrenched in the intersection of religion and nationalism, molding the organization’s worldview and guiding its principles. Central to its ideology is the amalgamation of the Islamic faith with the Palestinian national struggle for liberation and self-determination. This synthesis has forged a distinctive framework that informs Hamas‘ beliefs, strategies, and actions.

Religion plays an instrumental role in shaping Hamas‘ ideology. The movement relies on Islamic teachings to justify its resistance against perceived occupation and oppression. It interprets the concept of jihad both as a personal spiritual endeavor and as a collective duty to defend the rights and dignity of the Palestinian people. The Qur’an and Hadith are frequently invoked to establish the religious legitimacy of Hamas‘ resistance efforts, situating the struggle within an Islamic narrative of justice and opposition to tyranny.

Nationalism, too, is a prominent facet of Hamas‘ ideological framework, underscoring the cultural, historical, and territorial components of Palestinian identity. The movement espouses the vision of a unified Palestinian homeland, integrating historical narratives and symbols to bolster the sense of national unity and resilience. By intertwining religious faith with Palestinian nationalism, Hamas aims to galvanize grassroots support and cultivate a collective consciousness rooted in both spiritual and terrestrial aspirations.

This fusion of religion and nationalism significantly impacts Hamas‘ political agenda and engagement. It shapes the movement’s approach to governance, social welfare, and grassroots mobilization, imbuing these spheres with a sense of religious duty and national purpose. Additionally, it influences Hamas‘ interactions with other political entities, as the movement’s ideology serves as a lens for interpreting and navigating regional and international dynamics.

The ideological bedrock of religion and nationalism has not only steered Hamas‘ historical trajectory but continues to shape its contemporary policies and initiatives. Grasping the intricate interplay between faith, identity, and political struggle is essential to understanding the multifaceted nature of Hamas as a socio-political movement within the broader context of the Palestinian pursuit of self-determination and statehood.

Early Development and Organizational Structure

Hamas, originating in the late 1980s as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, underwent a profound evolutionary process during its nascent stage. Initially, it functioned as a covert network, promoting its ideology and amassing support among the local populace through grassroots endeavors. This preliminary phase was characterized by a decentralized architecture, with numerous cells and committees operating autonomously across various regions. The focus on secrecy and compartmentalization enabled Hamas to adeptly maneuver within the intricate and volatile political milieu of the occupied territories, simultaneously eluding Israeli security apparatuses.

As its influence burgeoned, Hamas morphed into a more centralized entity, driven by the necessity for cohesion and strategic uniformity in the face of intensifying confrontations with Israeli forces and the emerging complexities of governance. This centralization entailed consolidating decision-making power within a hierarchical leadership structure, with seminal figures like Sheikh Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi instrumental in directing and formalizing the movement’s operational paradigm.

Concurrently, Hamas strove to integrate its paramilitary ventures with an expanding commitment to social welfare and civil governance. This dual focus led to establishing various institutions and agencies dedicated to providing essential services to the Palestinian populace, thereby cementing Hamas’ role not merely as a resistance faction but as a comprehensive societal and political organization. The metamorphosis of Hamas’ organizational framework mirrored its broader transition from a clandestine resistance group to a prominent political actor within Palestinian society. This transformation underscores the nuanced challenges and strategic adaptations Hamas undertook as it navigated the intricate dynamics of regional conflict, internal governance, and global perception. Comprehending the early development and organizational structure of Hamas is pivotal to understanding its subsequent trajectory and enduring impact within the Palestinian territories.

Socio-Economic Factors Contributing to Rise

Several socio-economic dimensions have significantly underpinned the ascendance of Hamas as a formidable political and resistance movement within Palestinian society. The pervasive sense of marginalization and disenfranchisement experienced by Palestinians, particularly those residing in refugee camps and marginalized communities, constitutes a cornerstone in understanding Hamas’ rise. The stark absence of economic opportunities and a lack of political agency created a fertile ground for grassroots movements to flourish, catering to the grievances and aspirations of the disenfranchised populace.

The inefficacy of preceding political entities in ameliorating the socio-economic adversities of Palestinians engendered widespread disillusionment with the existing leadership, sparking a quest for alternative solutions. Additionally, the protracted Israeli-Palestinian conflict exacerbated frustration and cultivated a profound desire for change among the masses.

Within this context, the socio-economic landscape of the occupied territories—marked by soaring unemployment rates, inadequate access to vital services, and austere living conditions—paved the way for the emergence of social and welfare initiatives spearheaded by Hamas. By delivering crucial social services and systemic aid, Hamas garnered substantial support and legitimacy among segments of the population, who perceived the organization as a provider of tangible relief amid their daily struggles.

Moreover, external influences, including regional economic disparities and geopolitical dynamics, profoundly shaped the socio-economic conditions within Palestinian regions, thus impacting the growth trajectory and popular appeal of Hamas. The interplay of regional power struggles and international interventions significantly informed the socio-economic context that underpinned the rise of Hamas, imbibing the organization’s messages and initiatives with a resonating appeal.

In summary, the socio-economic factors contributing to Hamas’ rise are multifaceted and deeply intertwined with the Palestinian people’s historical and lived experiences. A nuanced understanding of these factors is essential to apprehend the milieu in which Hamas emerged fully, consolidated its support base, and navigated the intricate socio-political landscape of the region.

Regional and Global Political Dynamics

The evolution of Hamas as a resistance entity within Palestinian territories is inextricably linked to the broad spectrum of regional and global political dynamics. The complex geopolitics of the Middle East, replete with historical conflicts and power struggles, has provided a conducive backdrop for the emergence and proliferation of Hamas. The enduring Israeli-Palestinian conflict, intertwined with broader regional tensions and power dynamics, has profoundly shaped Hamas’s trajectory and objectives.

The organization’s ideological stance and strategic endeavors have been heavily influenced by the shifting alliances and geopolitical interests that characterize the Middle East. The Arab-Israeli conflict, underpinned by deep-rooted historical grievances and territorial disputes, has had a substantial impact on the regional political landscape, positioning Hamas as a pivotal actor. The Palestinian territories’ strategic location at the nexus of multiple regional fault lines has rendered it a focal point for international attention and intervention, further molding the political fortunes of Hamas.

Additionally, the global geopolitical context, particularly the roles of major powers such as the United States, the European Union, and Russia, has shaped the international narrative surrounding Hamas. The dichotomy of Hamas being designated as a terrorist group by some nations while being viewed as a legitimate resistance movement by others epitomizes the divergent geopolitical perspectives that have defined the global response to Hamas. The interplay of global power politics and the securitization of terrorism has augmented the complexity of the political dynamics involving Hamas and its interactions with the international community.

Moreover, the broader dynamics within the Muslim world, including the ascendance of political Islamist movements and the reverberations of regional uprisings, have significantly influenced Hamas’ standing and perception on the global stage.

In essence, the regional and global political dynamics enveloping Hamas constitute a critical dimension in delineating the organization’s emergence, evolution, and impact. By delving into the intricate web of geopolitical interests, alliances, and conflicts, one can extrapolate deeper insights into Hamas’s multifaceted character as an influential political entity within the global diplomatic arena.

Key Figures and Pioneers

Our interest here is limited to influential figures whose contributions are etched in the annals of the Palestinian Liberation Movement. Sheikh Ahmed Yassin stands out as the most important figure, having founded the organization in 1987. Yassin’s charismatic personality and religious wisdom were essential in gathering strong support and motivating the masses. His influence extended beyond spiritual matters; he was also a key architect of Hamas’ political and military strategies.

Another luminary in Hamas’ history is Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi. As a co-founder, al-Rantisi’s endeavors in proliferating the organization, particularly in Gaza, were monumental. His repertoire spanned ideological mentorship, structural leadership, and ardent advocacy for armed resistance. Al-Rantisi’s unyielding dedication galvanized supporters and reinforced Hamas’ resolute opposition to Israeli occupation, cementing his status as a pivotal leader.

Khaled Mashal subsequently emerged as a prominent figure, deftly guiding Hamas through critical epochs. His strategic perspicacity and diplomatic finesse projected Hamas onto the global stage, cultivating alliances with international actors and adeptly navigating convoluted geopolitical terrains. Under Mashal’s stewardship, Hamas evolved into a formidable political entity, transcending regional confines to champion the Palestinian cause on an international scale. His instrumental role in negotiating ceasefires and treaties underscored Hamas’ capacity for pragmatic diplomacy while adhering to its core tenets.

In addition to these eminent figures, the contributions of lesser-known pioneers, such as Mahmoud Zahar, Ismail Haniyeh, and recently Yahya al-Sinwar, are paramount. Each played pivotal roles, leveraging their unique proficiencies to advance Hamas’ multifaceted agenda. Collectively, these leaders embody the resilience, ideological fervor, ability to hit hard, and adaptability that have become hallmarks of Hamas’ leadership.

The stories of these key figures illuminate the complex interweaving of individual dynamism and collective momentum. Their influence is crucial to understanding Hamas’s nuanced evolution and to revealing the diverse forces that have shaped and molded the Palestinian struggle.

Initial Public Perception and Support

The rise of Hamas in the Palestinian political sphere has been met with a mosaic of reactions in domestic and international circles. Initially, the movement enjoyed considerable support from popular sectors that admired its uncompromising opposition to the Israeli occupation compared to the ineffectiveness of mainstream political factions.

Conversely, the movement’s radical rhetoric and hardline tactics have alarmed some sectors of the Palestinian Authority, which has accepted land for nothing and “temporary solutions” that perpetuate Israeli control over the Palestinian people, as well as Western governments that support Israeli settlements in the occupied territories. Divergent portrayals by regional and global media outlets further complicated public perception, weaving a complex tapestry of interpretations and judgments.

The dichotomy in public sentiment was intensified by Hamas’ operational tactics—specifically, its reliance on armed resistance and targeted violence. Supporters praised these actions as necessary in the struggle for liberation, while detractors – the West and some Arabs aligned with Israel – condemned them as “counterproductive” under a far-right government that didn’t actually need Hamas to undermine the prospects for peaceful coexistence. This duality in perceptions amplified the polarizing effect of Hamas’ presence, deepening societal fissures and framing its reception on the international stage.

The global reception of Hamas was equally multifaceted, with countries and organizations manifesting an array of responses ranging from endorsement to condemnation. This international dimension influenced how Hamas was depicted in diplomatic dialogues, policy debates, and human rights discourses, further coloring its public image.

Amid this intricate nexus of approval and dissent, the nuances of public perception and support for Hamas manifested in multifarious layers. As the organization maneuvered through these complexities, its quest for legitimacy and endorsement encountered myriad challenges and opportunities. Deciphering the nuanced strata of favor and skepticism illuminates the labyrinthine nature of Hamas’ early reception and its enduring influence on the Palestinian liberation narrative.

Arabic Version Here