Author: Mahmoud Al Ali

Prefaced by Dr Hichem Karoui

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Global East-West (London) (October 9, 2024)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 188 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1787953335
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1787953338
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 10.7 ounces
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5.5 x 0.62 x 8.5 inches

The Book is Available on Amazon

Al Ali’s book investigates Hamas, exploring its origins, ideology, evolution from grassroots movement to governing body, military and political strategies, international perceptions, and the impact of its actions within the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and international law. The author also undertakes a comparative analysis of historical organizations that were dubbed “terrorists” before being recognized as legitimate liberation movements. By analyzing these historical examples alongside Hamas, this investigation seeks to stimulate critical discourse on how international contexts and allegiances shape the comprehension and judgment of resistance and liberation movements. This emphasizes the imperative for nuanced and context-specific appraisals to comprehend the complexities of such movements within the global arena.

Key Takeaways

Hamas emerged as a response to the Israeli occupation and perceived inadequacies within existing Palestinian political frameworks.
Hamas’s ideology blends Islamic fundamentalism with Palestinian nationalism, advocating for armed struggle and an Islamic state.
The First Intifada was a pivotal moment for Hamas, allowing it to expand its influence and solidify its position within Palestinian society.
Hamas’s governance strategies involve balancing its ideology with the pragmatic demands of administering the Gaza Strip.
International perceptions of Hamas are highly varied, ranging from condemnation as a terrorist organization to acceptance as a legitimate resistance movement.
The international legal framework, including human rights law and international humanitarian law, plays a significant role in shaping the conflict and the actions of Hamas and Israel.
Hamas’ future trajectory will depend on its ability to adapt to evolving geopolitical realities, internal challenges, and external pressures.

Contributions of the Book

– Analysis of Legal Frameworks: The book examines the role of international legal frameworks, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), in addressing war crimes and human rights violations within the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It highlights the complexities and challenges in implementing these legal standards due to issues of sovereignty and security considerations.

Understanding Hamas as a National Liberation Movement: The book provides a multidimensional framework for understanding Hamas, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach that considers geopolitical, historical, sociocultural, and legal perspectives. This approach aims to foster a more nuanced understanding of Hamas and similar entities.

– Media’s Role in Shaping Public Opinion: The book discusses the significant impact of media, particularly digital platforms and social media, in molding public opinion about entities like Hamas. It underscores the challenges and potentials of decentralized information dissemination in framing discourses.

– Intersection of Human Rights and Legal Considerations: The book explores how human rights discourse and legal considerations shape the dialogue on Hamas, particularly concerning the ethical implications of armed resistance and protecting civilian populations in conflict zones.

– Influence of International Bodies and Democratic Nations: The book highlights the role of influential democratic nations and international bodies in crafting the narrative around Hamas. It suggests that global geopolitics and the policies of key global players significantly contribute to future understandings of national liberation movements.

These contributions provide a comprehensive analysis of the geopolitical, legal, and media-related factors influencing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Hamas’s role in it.

Chapter VII: Comparative Analysis: Global Liberation Movements

Distinctive Features of Liberation Movements

Liberation movements embody a myriad of intrinsic traits that encapsulate their foundational ethos and operational methodologies, significantly shaping their relentless pursuit of emancipation and self-determination. At the heart of these initiatives resides an earnest aspiration to rectify historical injustices and achieve autonomy from oppressive regimes. Frequently rooted in a legacy of colonization, occupation, or systemic discrimination, such movements galvanize adversely affected communities to mobilize, forging a resolute resistance aimed at liberation and sovereignty.

Core Qualities

Central to the essence of liberation movements lies their unwavering opposition to external subjugation and a fervent dedication to preserving their cultural identity and heritage. This steadfast resolve fortifies their mission, harnessing collective strength from shared narratives of suffering and resilience. Moreover, a defining characteristic of these movements is their remarkable adaptability—an indispensable attribute in navigating the ever-shifting geopolitical landscapes and the evolving strategies of adversaries. Their resilience is evident in their capability to recalibrate tactics while staunchly maintaining their fundamental objectives amidst a backdrop of myriad challenges.

Further complicating their endeavors, liberation movements often operate within intricate socio-political frameworks, necessitating the establishment of elaborate support networks and organizational architectures. Such structures enable them to rally diverse constituencies, marshal vital resources, and amplify their messages both domestically and internationally. The aptitude for cultivating popular support amid adversity emerges as another critical attribute, underscoring their tenacity and sustained significance in the face of formidable opposition.

Equally crucial is articulating a compelling narrative and a visionary paradigm designed to resonate with supporters and advocates across boundaries. This storytelling element unites disparate voices under a singular cause, invigorating those who endure hardship. Lastly, the adeptness of liberation movements in leveraging contemporary communication channels and technology to advance their objectives is a phenomenon of considerable importance. By harnessing the power of social media and other digital platforms, these movements proficiently disseminate their grievances on a global scale, showcasing an impressive ability to amplify their voices within the modern zeitgeist.

Comprehending these core attributes illuminates the complexities and dynamics inherent in liberation movements, offering profound insights into their motivations and extensive influences on the global tapestry.

Case Study: The Vietnam War and the Viet Cong

During the tumultuous era of the Vietnam War, the Viet Cong emerged as a formidable force mobilizing resistance against foreign intervention and colonization. Originating in the 1950s, this movement garnered notable support through communist ideologies, firmly opposing the ruling South Vietnamese regimes. Colloquially known as the National Liberation Front (NLF), the Viet Cong adeptly engaged in guerrilla warfare, employing hit-and-run tactics and unconventional strategies to counter the overwhelming military might of the United States and its allies.

Organizational Dynamics

The Viet Cong’s organizational structure was distinctive. It was characterized by a decentralized framework wherein local units operated semi-autonomously under the overarching guidance of the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN). This arrangement facilitated swift adaptation to fluctuating circumstances, enabling effective resistance against established military forces. Additionally, the movement skillfully harnessed popular sentiment, capitalizing on the rural character of the conflict. It utilized an intricate network of tunnel systems and clandestine communications to ensure logistical efficiency and seamless inter-unit coordination.

A notable feature of the Viet Cong’s strategy was its emphasis on winning the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese populace. By fostering grassroots initiatives and providing social services, education, and healthcare, the movement endeavored to cultivate loyalty within local communities. The establishment of parallel governance structures and the implementation of land reforms further solidified the Viet Cong’s image as champions of national liberation and advocates for social equity, setting them apart from the existing regime’s governance.

Resilience and Legacy

In the face of intense aerial bombardment and superior firepower wielded by U.S. military forces, the Viet Cong exhibited remarkable resilience, adaptability, and unwavering determination. The movement’s endurance amidst prolonged conflict underscored the tenacity and resourcefulness embedded in its resistance strategy. Moreover, the Viet Cong’s capacity to maintain support and recruitment—particularly among rural and marginalized communities—posed a significant challenge to the strategic objectives of interventionist forces.

The narrative of the Vietnam War and the Viet Cong serves as a compelling testament to a liberation movement’s ability to confront and withstand formidable opposition through a confluence of guerrilla tactics, ideological cohesion, and community-centered mobilization. Its legacy continues to inform contemporary discussions surrounding insurgency and asymmetrical warfare, providing invaluable insights into the complexities and dynamics inherent in protracted conflicts.

Scope of Comparative Analysis

This section explores the distinct historical contexts from which various liberation movements have emerged, presenting a rich tapestry of socio-political environments that have fueled resistance and insurrection against oppressive systems. The significance of comparative analysis in elucidating the nuances of liberation movements is paramount. Through this comparative lens, one can derive critical insights into diverse liberation movements’ organizational structures, ideological foundations, and strategic methodologies. This analytical approach not only aids in discerning prevailing patterns and divergent trajectories but also illuminates the intricate nature of liberation endeavors and the dynamics underlying conflict resolution.

Engaging in a comparative examination of global liberation initiatives unveils a wealth of knowledge, empowering both researchers and policymakers to draw lessons from historical experiences and adapt them to contemporary challenges. This approach fosters a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of resistance and the intricate interplay between historical legacies and current socio-political realities. Consequently, it establishes a framework for thoroughly exploring liberation movements, providing a perspective that transcends geographical and temporal confines.

Historical Context of Global Liberation Movements

Understanding the historical context of global liberation movements is crucial for grasping the complexities and recurring themes that have shaped these diverse quests for autonomy, self-determination, and social justice. Throughout history, various communities and nations have endeavored to liberate themselves from perceived oppression, occupation, or discrimination, often employing a confluence of political, military, and grassroots strategies to challenge entrenched hierarchies and assert their rights. The origins of global liberation movements resonate throughout history, tracing back to ancient civilizations where indigenous peoples resisted colonial encroachment and foreign domination.

As empires expanded their influence, indigenous populations frequently found themselves marginalized, provoking resistance movements aimed at reclaiming sovereignty and cultural independence. Over the centuries, these movements have evolved in response to shifting geopolitical landscapes, technological advancements, and changing ideological paradigms. The struggle for liberation encapsulates various contexts in the modern era, including anti-colonial campaigns, civil rights movements, and revolutionary uprisings.

Noteworthy historical examples—including the American Revolution, the Indian independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, and opposition to European imperialism in Africa and Asia—have profoundly influenced subsequent liberation initiatives worldwide. These historical contexts have left an indelible mark on the strategies, organizational structures, and ethical frameworks of contemporary liberation movements.

Significant historical events, such as the French and Russian Revolutions and the decolonization wave that characterized the mid-20th century, have enriched the ideological foundations and tactical repertoires of liberation efforts across continents. Moreover, the interconnectedness of global liberation struggles has been strengthened by transnational solidarity networks, the dissemination of revolutionary ideas, and shared experiences of oppression, fostering a collective consciousness among otherwise disparate movements.

Understanding the historical backdrop of global liberation movements illuminates the enduring quest for human dignity, equality, and political agency amidst systemic injustices. By analyzing the trajectories of past movements and recognizing recurring themes, scholars and activists can glean invaluable insights into the intricate nature of liberation struggles and the multifaceted interplay of historical, social, and ideological forces that continue to energize these movements today.

Case Study: The South African Struggle Against Apartheid

The struggle against apartheid in South Africa stands as a poignant testament to a victorious liberation movement that triumphed over systemic oppression and deep-seated discrimination. Emerging in the early 20th century, apartheid institutionalized racial segregation, drastically curtailing the rights and liberties of the majority black population. In response to this injustice, the African National Congress (ANC) evolved into a formidable force advocating for equal rights and opportunities for all South Africans.

Strategies and Leadership

The ANC’s strategies encapsulated various resistance methods, ranging from nonviolent protests and civil disobedience to strikes and armed struggle. Influential leaders, such as Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and Walter Sisulu, played pivotal roles in mobilizing international support and drawing global attention to the egregious injustices perpetrated under the apartheid system. The moral authority and charisma of figures like Mandela resonated across the world, inspiring solidarity movements and exerting pressure on governments to impose sanctions against the apartheid regime.

The resilience and determination of the South African populace, combined with the strategic foresight of the ANC, ultimately culminated in the dismantling of apartheid and the historic inauguration of Nelson Mandela as the nation’s first black president following the democratic elections of 1994.

Intersection of Factors

The South African struggle against apartheid exemplifies the intricate interplay of political, social, and economic factors in a liberation movement. The ANC’s ability to adapt its tactics in response to ever-evolving circumstances—shifting from peaceful protests to armed resistance—reflects the complexities inherent in confronting deeply entrenched systems of oppression. Moreover, the international dimension of the anti-apartheid movement emphasized the critical role of global solidarity in driving substantial change.

As the world witnessed South Africa’s transition from apartheid to a democratic society, the struggle underscored the transformative power of collective action and the enduring significance of liberation movements in pursuing a more just and equitable civilization.

Case Study: The Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Troubles

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) emerged as a central force in the ethno-nationalist conflict known as “the Troubles,” a protracted and turbulent period that afflicted Northern Ireland for decades. Established as a paramilitary organization committed to the unification of Ireland, the IRA employed a diverse array of strategies and tactics to pursue its ambitious objectives amidst the backdrop of conflict between predominantly Catholic nationalists and largely Protestant unionists.

Strategies and Impact

The IRA’s campaign manifested through a series of bombings, assassinations, and guerrilla warfare, all meticulously orchestrated to contest British rule in Northern Ireland and advocate for Irish reunification. Key events, such as the 1981 hunger strikes, captured international attention and underscored the depth of commitment among IRA members to their cause.

The consequences of the IRA’s actions extended well beyond the confines of Northern Ireland, deeply shaping perceptions of armed resistance and sectarian tensions across the globe. The organization demonstrated remarkable adaptability, altering its tactics in response to the shifting dynamics of the conflict and international pressures. Ultimately, the combination of counterinsurgency measures by security forces and ongoing political negotiations culminated in a ceasefire and establishing the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, marking a significant milestone in Northern Ireland’s journey toward peace.

Enduring Legacy

The dynamics of the IRA’s campaign unveil a complex narrative where the organization oscillates between being portrayed as both a terrorist entity and a freedom-fighting force. This duality ignites ongoing debates surrounding nationalism, colonialism, and the moral implications of armed struggle. The enduring legacy of the IRA’s involvement in the Troubles underscores the nuanced and multifaceted nature of liberation movements, highlighting how historical struggles can leave lasting imprints on contemporary geopolitical landscapes.

Common Strategies and Tactics in Insurgencies

Insurgencies have consistently constituted a significant component of global conflicts throughout history, characterized by their asymmetrical nature and the employment of unconventional tactics aimed at challenging established authorities. Understanding the common strategies and tactics utilized by insurgent groups is essential for grasping the dynamics of contemporary warfare and conflict resolution.

Guerrilla Warfare

One prevailing strategy within insurgent operations is guerrilla warfare, which emphasizes the use of small, nimble units conducting hit-and-run tactics to harass and destabilize larger conventional military forces. This approach frequently involves integration with civilian populations, complicating the abilities of state actors to identify and capture insurgent fighters. The agility and unpredictability inherent in guerrilla tactics render it a formidable method against more organized military forces.

Information and Propaganda Warfare

Additionally, propaganda and information warfare are pivotal in shaping public perception and rallying support for the insurgent cause. Insurgent groups adeptly exploit media channels and social networks to disseminate their messages, recruit sympathizers, and undermine the legitimacy of the ruling regime. This can involve spreading misinformation, inciting discontent, and capitalizing on grievances within disenfranchised sectors of society to spur collective dissent against established authorities.

Use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)

The strategic deployment of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) has emerged as a hallmark tactic in contemporary insurgencies. These makeshift explosives are utilized to target military convoys, infrastructure, and civilian centers, resulting in casualties and instilling fear within the population. The relative ease of construction and cost-effectiveness of IEDs make them a favored weapon for insurgent groups seeking to disrupt the status quo without requiring substantial resources.

Targeted Assassinations

Insurgencies frequently resort to targeted assassinations and political killings as a tactic to neutralize perceived threats and intimidate adversaries. By striking at key figures within the government or among collaborators, insurgent groups aim to destabilize the existing power structure and engender fear among those aligned with the state. Such tactics serve to undermine public confidence in the authorities’ capacity to ensure security and effective governance.

Cultivating External Support

An essential aspect of the insurgent strategy involves cultivating external assistance, whether from sympathetic neighboring states, non-state actors, or international sponsors. This support can materialize in the form of funding, training, weaponry, and diplomatic advocacy, thereby enhancing insurgents’ capabilities and resilience against state repression.

In summary, the strategies and tactics employed by insurgent movements are multifaceted and profoundly shape the modern conflict landscape. Understanding these methods is crucial for policymakers, military planners, and scholars seeking to address the root causes of insurgency and formulate effective counterinsurgency strategies.

International Support and Opposition

An examination of the global landscape of liberation movements reveals that the dynamic interplay of international support and opposition significantly influences their trajectories and outcomes. Various international actors, including states, non-state entities, and supranational organizations, can bolster or undermine liberation movements based on their positions and actions.

Forms of International Support

Support for liberation movements can manifest in numerous forms, such as diplomatic recognition, financial aid, arms provision, and training. This backing empowers movements by enabling them to sustain their resistance and gain legitimacy on the global stage.

Conversely, opposition from influential nations or coalitions can impede the progress of liberation movements through the imposition of sanctions, embargoes, or military interventions. Furthermore, powerful global actors that categorize a liberation movement as a terrorist organization can delegitimize it and isolate it from crucial support.

Case Studies: Vietnam War, Apartheid South Africa, and the Irish Troubles

The case studies of the Vietnam War, apartheid-era South Africa, and the Irish Troubles provide invaluable insights into the impact of international support and opposition on these movements. For instance, the Viet Cong received considerable backing from communist powers such as the Soviet Union and China; however, their tactics drew international condemnation, contributing to the isolation of North Vietnam.

Conversely, the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa benefited from significant global support. Comprehensive sanctions against the apartheid regime imposed by the United Nations exemplify the power of international solidarity in influencing the outcomes of liberation efforts.

The situation of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) further highlights the complexities surrounding international support and opposition. While the IRA garnered material and ideological backing from sympathetic diaspora communities and certain foreign governments, it simultaneously faced fierce opposition from the British government and other Western states, culminating in stringent counter-terrorism measures.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the roles of international support and opposition are multifaceted and profoundly influential in shaping the trajectories of global liberation movements. Comprehending this intricate interplay is vital for understanding the geopolitical dimensions of resistance and insurgency, offering valuable perspectives on the factors contributing to their successes and the challenges they confront.

The Role of Ideology and Nationalism

Ideology and nationalism play pivotal roles in shaping and mobilizing global liberation movements. The convergence of these two forces often forms the foundation upon which movements are constructed, providing a unifying narrative essential for participants and supporters. In the context of Palestinian liberation, particularly through the lens of Hamas, these elements are particularly significant as they underpin the struggle for self-determination and resistance against occupation.

Ideological Foundations

Ideological frameworks serve as guiding principles that inform liberation movements’ objectives, strategies, and tactics. They offer a lens through which individuals construct their identities, interpret their histories, and articulate their collective aspirations. In the case of Hamas, the movement’s Islamist ideology transcends mere reaction to perceived injustices; it fundamentally shapes its vision for an Islamic Palestinian state. This emphasis on religious ideology distinguishes Hamas from other secular nationalist movements, infusing its struggle with a unique identity and a profound sense of purpose.

Nationalism and Collective Identity

On the other hand, nationalism emphasizes a people’s collective consciousness, encapsulating their shared history, culture, and aspiration for sovereignty. This sense of nationalism fuels the quest for self-determination and fortifies the rejection of external domination. Within the Palestinian context, nationalism has become a primary driving force behind the aspirations for independence and the preservation of Palestinian identity, particularly amidst occupation and displacement. The integration of Palestinian nationalism into Hamas’ ideology further amplifies its appeal among those yearning for liberation from Israeli control.

Interplay of Ideology and Nationalism

The interplay between ideology and nationalism within Hamas profoundly influences its internal cohesion and external relationships. By invoking the land’s historical and religious significance, Hamas galvanizes popular support and effectively mobilizes resources. The ideological framing enables Hamas to connect with transnational networks, drawing solidarity from sympathizers who share similar beliefs concerning resistance, sovereignty, and justice.

However, these ideological foundations have also sparked controversy and condemnation from opposing entities, further polarizing international perspectives on the Palestinian cause. The dual narrative of victimhood and resistance complicates diplomatic negotiations and public discourse surrounding the conflict.

As global liberation movements continue to evolve, the significance of ideology and nationalism remains essential. The ability to effectively harness these elements can largely influence a movement’s resilience and impact as it navigates intricate geopolitical landscapes. A nuanced understanding of ideology and nationalism provides invaluable insights into the motivations and aspirations of those engaged in liberation struggles, fostering a deeper comprehension of their complexities and enduring relevance in the ongoing quest for freedom and justice.

Concluding Comparisons and Implications for Modern Movements

As we conclude this comparative analysis of global liberation movements, reflecting on the implications for contemporary struggles for liberation and self-determination is vital. As previously highlighted, ideology and nationalism play pivotal roles in shaping the trajectories and outcomes of liberation movements across diverse contexts.

Common Themes Across Movements

An examination of various movements—such as the Viet Cong in Vietnam, the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa, and the Irish Republican Army (IRA)—reveals several commonalities, offering valuable lessons for modern movements.

One key insight is the enduring importance of grassroots mobilization and popular support. Despite facing formidable adversaries, these movements successfully galvanized broad-based support through their ideologies and visions of national identity. This underscores the vitality of ideological narratives in uniting disparate groups around a common cause.

Multi-Dimensional Approaches

Additionally, the convergence of political, economic, and social factors that fuel grievances and incite resistance highlights the multi-dimensional nature of liberation struggles. Contemporary movements must adopt a holistic approach that addresses not only the overt manifestations of oppression but also the systemic injustices underlying these issues.

Strategic Flexibility

Another crucial aspect revealed through comparative analysis is the duality of strategies employed by liberation movements. While armed struggle has frequently been a prominent feature of resistance against oppressive regimes, non-violent civil disobedience and diplomatic engagement have also yielded significant results. The ability to adapt tactics to changing circumstances and leverage both militant and diplomatic avenues exemplifies the strategic sophistication of successful liberation movements, a lesson modern movements should internalize.

International Dimensions

The international dimensions of liberation movements are equally important to consider. The extent to which external actors influence or obstruct the trajectories of liberation struggles underscores the interconnectedness of global geopolitics with local dynamics. Support from sympathetic nations and global civil society can significantly enhance the moral and material resources available to liberation movements, while interventions from powerful states can pose serious challenges. Therefore, cultivating transnational alliances and adeptly navigating geopolitical complexities is essential for contemporary movements.

Evolving Identity

Furthermore, the profound influence of ideology and nationalism indicates the continuing relevance of collective identity in shaping the aspirations and actions of communities striving for liberation. Modern movements must remain attuned to the evolving nature of identity in an increasingly globalized world, where issues of ethnicity, religion, and citizenship intersect in complex and often contradictory ways.

Moving Forward

In charting a course forward, contemporary movements should internalize the lessons learned from historical struggles while innovatively adapting to the unique challenges presented by the current era. By synthesizing the experiences of past liberation movements with a nuanced understanding of contemporary geopolitical dynamics, modern movements can enhance their resilience and efficacy in the pursuit of liberation and justice.

The Book is Available on Amazon

References and Further Reading

English Sources

Mishal, Shaul, and Avraham Sela. The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
Norton, Augustus Richard. Hamas and the Politics of Resistance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Gordon, Neve. Israel’s Occupation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. (Includes discussions on liberation movements.)
Tilly, Charles, and Louis Tilly. The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. (Discusses various liberation movements, including Hamas.)
Tremblay, P. A. “A Comparison of Hamas and the Irish Republican Army (IRA): The Effects of Political Legitimacy on Resistance.” Journal of Conflict Studies 28, no. 1 (2008): 32-50.
Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. (Includes case studies on various movements, including Hamas.)
Cohen, Amnon. “The Palestinian Struggle for National Liberation: Comparing Hamas and Apartheid South Africa.” Middle Eastern Studies 48, no. 6 (2012): 911-928.
Haffar, Kayed. “The Legacy of Anti-Colonial Movements: Hamas and the Algerian FLN.” Arab Studies Quarterly 38, no. 1 (2016): 44-65.

French Sources

Gresh, Alain. Hamas: L’alternative palestinienne. Paris: Éditions la Découverte, 2015.
Safi, Samir. Hamas: Une histoire de la résistance. Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 2012.
Gérard, Michel. La lutte armée contre le colonialisme: de l’ALN à l’IRA. Paris: Éditions de l’Aube, 2007.
Balta, Pierre. Hamas et le Hezbollah: Stratégies de guerre et résistance. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2011.

Arabic Sources

المحبوب، رائد. حماس: من الحركة الإسلامية إلى العمل السياسي. بيروت: مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية، 2008.
الأبرق، طارق. دراسات في أساليب المقاومة: حماس والجماعات التحررية. القاهرة: مكتبة الشروق الدولية، 2017.
عوض، فهمي. نحو فهم أفضل للأبعاد المختلفة للمقاومة: حماس والفلسفة السياسية لنضال الشعب الفلسطيني. المجلة العربية للعلوم السياسية 5 (2012): 45-60.
زغل، غسان. “حماس والمدارس الأخرى للمقاومة: مقارنة مع حركات التحرر الأخرى.” مجلة الدراسات الفلسطينية 43 (2014): 92-106.

Reports and Documents

International Crisis Group. “Fatah and Hamas: From Conflict to Dialogue.” Middle East Report No. 35. Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2007.
United Nations Report. “The Right of the Palestinian People to Self-Determination.” New York: United Nations, 2009.

Theses and Dissertations

Ghadban, Duha. “Comparative Analysis of Hamas and the Viet Cong: Strategies and Ideologies.” Master’s thesis, University of Toronto, 2015.
Khatib, Layla. “The Dynamics of Resistance: A Comparative Study of Hamas, IRA, and the FLN.” PhD diss., University of London, 2018.